<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeri Ratchev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montenegro: Capabilities, Organisations, Policies, and Legislation in crisis management and disaster response</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IT4Sec Reports</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Directorate for Emergency Management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster preparedness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster response</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">legislative base</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montenegro</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute of Information and Communication Technologies</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite its relatively small territory and size of population, Montenegro is highly exposed and vulnerable to natural hazards. The country has to address primarily earthquakes, wild fires and hydro-meteorological phenomena such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and heavy snowfall. Of particular concern are the frequent landslides and rock falls linked to the country’s mountainous terrain.

As most of the other former Yugoslavia countries, Montenegro’s authorities have been developing the national civil protection system since 2006 on what remained from the federal institutions, applying modern global and European practices and standards. Gradually, the civil protection mechanism has moved away from the former “civil defence.” In result, the country’s framework on civil protection and disaster relief is not contained in a single formal document. However, in terms of legal arrangements and policy statements, the harmonisation with international norms and standards is relatively successful. 

At the policy level, the National Strategy for Emergency Situations defines the risks and responsibilities of different state, local, and private authorities to deal with such. Directorate for Emergency Management has been established to implement mechanisms for prevention, preparedness and response. The Law on Rescue and Protection is the core legal act, supplemented by the Environment Law (1996), Law on Waters of (1995), Law on Protection against Natural Disasters (1992), Law on Protection of Air against Pollution (1980), and others. The principal political-managerial body on civil protection is the National Coordination, headed by the Prime Minister and the ministers are remaining members. The core administration of civil protection is provided by the Ministry of Interior and Administration (MoI).

Introduction of emergency regime is a right and obligation of the Parliament.

The civil protection concept is comprehensive and relatively well balanced among the state, the municipalities (21 in numbers), business, and private citizens. 

By way of comparison with best practices, the country’s civil protection framework does not require development of hazard-specific contingency plans. 

Montenegro is engaged in the Southeastern European international co-operation for risk reduction and disaster response. 
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeri Ratchev</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todor Tagarev</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zlatogor Minchev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romania: Capabilities, Organisations, Policies, and Legislation in crisis management and disaster response</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IT4Sec Reports</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster preparedness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster response</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emergency Management Information System</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National Emergency Management System</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romania</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute of Information and Communication Technologies</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romania is highly vulnerable to catastrophic natural disasters. Firstly, it is situated in a seismically active region and has a history of devastating and deadly earthquakes – the most affecting happened in Vrancea in 1977. Furthermore, the Bucharest area has experienced a number of tremors of varying intensities, and the probability that a severe and damaging earthquake will occur is high. However, Romania is also at risk by other natural and technological hazards. More specifically, the floods in 2010 revealing weaknesses of the civil protection system triggered some process of improving. Of the former group, floods, drought and heat/cold waves have been experienced frequently, while the most affecting example of a man-made disaster has been the accident at the Baia Mare gold processing plant, where, in 2000, 100 000 cubic meters of toxic waste water spilled out and flooded into the Danube River, affecting Romania, Hungary, Ukraine, Serbia and Bulgaria. 

The Romanian crisis management concept views civil protection as a public policy issue, and as a civil operation during which the military could provide support with both assets and people. Crisis management does not rely on a centralised structure, but is a result of the interaction of parallel architectures. The latter involve bodies and agencies dealing with particular risks, while the crisis management system-of-systems employs an all-hazard approach. The most significant developments within the crisis management domain took place in 2004, as well as after the 2007 accession to the European Union. 

The National Emergency Management System (NEMS) is a nationally owned mechanism of multiple stakeholders, which provides coordination and response in case of emergencies, and serves as an advocate for prevention and disaster risk reduction at different levels. It is organised at four levels (national/governmental, ministerial, county and local), with a particular coordination and communication role for the national-level authorities. The system is led by the Prime Minister, supported by the National Committee for Emergency Situations and having the Minister of Administration and Interior as a chief executive. The main executive administrative body is the General Inspectorate for Emergency Situations (GIES), which coordinates plans and operational activities in cases of natural and man-made emergency situations. Specific plans are prepared at all administrative levels. Funding is provided through the state and local budgets, though they are used mostly for post-disaster rehabilitation and less for preventive measures.

The role of the private sector in the civil security system is limited, while NGOs cooperate closely with the state institutions, mostly in the fields of education and training. The number of organised volunteers is about 130 000. Regulations require that everyone be prepared to take care of himself in the immediate aftermath of major disasters. Every family and company should develop its own emergency plan, stock its own emergency survival kit, and ensure that each family member or company employee is familiarised with emergency procedures and can take precautions to protect their personal safety. However, in general, the society is not well organised at a community level and expectations that disaster management is a state responsibility are widely spread.

After Romania’s EU accession in 2007, the country improved its cooperation with international actors and increased its efforts to make the crisis management system coherent with international (particularly the EU) context. Romania has increased its engagement in the work of committees and working groups dealing with the EU’s civil protection. Romania has activated the EU’s Monitoring and Information Centre (MIC)  several times and contributed to several MIC-coordinated interventions providing support to Greece, Georgia, Hungary, Moldova and Turkey. Bilateral agreements or protocols are signed with some of the Romania’s neighbours (Bulgaria, Hungary, and Moldova), as well with other European (Czech, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and Turkey) and non-European countries (Azerbaijan and the USA –with FEMA and USTDA).

The Romanian capacity for emergency response includes several niche capabilities: pyrotechnical capabilities for drainage, controlled breaches, and detonation, for water purification and transportation and for marine de-pollution. Military cargo aircraft are also available in cases of emergencies at home and abroad (C-27J Spartan – 6, C-130 Hercules – 3, and An-26 Curl – 4).</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeri Ratchev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slovenia: Capabilities, Organisations, Policies, and Legislation in crisis management and disaster response</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IT4Sec Reports</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civil protection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster preparedness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster response</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">legislative base</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slovenia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute of Information and Communication Technologies</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">According to official reports, Slovenia is threatened by a variety of natural hazards, mostly earthquakes, floods, landslides, hail, storms, sleet, frost, and fire. The country has one nuclear power plant and a large industrial sector that operates dangerous substances – a potential source of ecological damages and catastrophic accidents.

The recent civil protection system has been constructed after 1992 by means of the adoption of a number of legislative acts and organisational reforms. The core characteristic of the civil protection system of Slovenia is that protection against natural and man-made disasters has been separated from the national defence system. This way, an integral and functionally unified system has been established based on common goals and principles. However, the main administrative and co-ordination structure for civil protection – Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief (ACPDR) is a constituent body of the Ministry of Defence.

Conceptually, the civil protection and rescue system is one of the three pillars of national security along with the defence system and the internal security system. However, “civil protection” in Slovenia is a relatively narrow concept which is common elsewhere in the EU. It includes very specific range of activities, commanding and co-ordinating bodies and specialised units for interventions and rescue in emergencies.

The system is built at three levels – national, regional and municipality. Functionally the focus is on regional capabilities and local authorities, supported by the state. Commercial entities, civil organisations and citizens have legally prescribed important functions for prevention, monitoring, alarming and responding to any extreme developments. Volunteering has a long lasting tradition in Slovenia.

Key civil protection stakeholders are the National Assembly, the Government, particular ministers, and the civil protection service that includes commanders, headquarters and heads of intervention and rescue units, and the local authorities. The administrative and specific expert tasks related to protection against natural and other disasters are carried out by the ACPDR, which is a multi-sectorial and coordinating body.

The units of the Slovenian Armed Forces and the Police are to carry out protection and rescue tasks related to their training and equipment. Their participation in protection and rescue operations is decided upon by the government and in emergency cases by the respective ministers at the request of the Commander of Civil Protection of the Republic of Slovenia.

Annually, Slovenia allocates approximately 0.5% of its national budget for civil protection while municipalities earmark 3% of their budgets. Protection against fire is partly financed from the fire fund, which is generated from a tax on fire insurance.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>