<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Almakan Orozobekova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Mobilization and Recruitment of Foreign Fighters: The Case of Islamic State, 2012–2014</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connections: The Quarterly Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foreign fighters</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">France</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">institutional (top-down) and bottom-up (individual) recruitment/mobilization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Islamic State</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saudi Arabia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the United Kingdom</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tunisia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Summer 2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-100</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article examines how foreign fighters were recruited and mobilized for Islamic State in 2012-2014. Institutional and individual approaches to this phenomenon form the basis of understanding the mechanisms used for the mobilization and recruitment of foreign fighters. The former refers to a terrorist institution that plays a key role in the recruitment of individuals (top-down/institutional), and the latter refers to the self-radicalization process that foreign fighters undergo (bottom-up/ individual). In particular, the research focuses on an analysis of Islamic State and the recruitment/mobilization of sixteen foreign fighters from Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, France, and the United Kingdom. The analysis shows that both top-down and bottom-up concepts are important but that the extent to which each is used depends on the profiles of the country in question. The study concludes by demonstrating the comparative value of top-down and bottom-up approaches in terms of understanding contemporary terrorist recruitment and providing policy recommendations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philippe Vitel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henrik Bilddal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">French Cyber Security and Defence: An Overview</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANSSI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyber defence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cybersecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cyberterrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cyberwar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence and security policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">France</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">07/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Procon Ltd.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-41</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;As threats to and in cyber space as well as the threats enabled by cyber space have burgeoned, cybersecurity and defence has emerged as a key policy area for governments around the world. For a long time, France has lagged behind its main strategic partners in these areas. However, in the recent years, the country has undertaken considerable efforts to catch up, leading to conceptual reformulation, organisational reforms, and substantial increases in resources. This article provides an overview of the conceptual basis for French cybersecurity and defence policies, the most important elements of its organisational set-up, and recent cyber efforts and initiatives. The article does not claim to be exhaustive, but aims to provide a starting point for structuring related research. While many French ministries and agencies are involved in cybersecurity, this article focuses on the efforts of the National Information Systems Security Agency (L&amp;#39;Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d&amp;#39;information, ANSSI) and the ministries of defence and interior &amp;ndash; the actors most heavily involved in French cybersecurity and defence.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record></records></xml>