<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatenda Grace Chirenda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roman Tandlich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viwe Krele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catherine Diane Luyt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chandra Sunitha Srinivas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chidinma Uche Iheanetu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Legislation, Vulnerability and Disaster Risk Management of Waterborne Diseases in Zimbabwe</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cholera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civil protection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data collection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">expanded medical infrastructure vulnerability index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socio-economic vulnerability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-91</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The annual probabilities of droughts and floods in Zimbabwe averaged at 31.6 and 57.9&amp;nbsp;% between 1990 and 2014. Those disasters have accounted for 97.1&amp;nbsp;% of the disaster mortalities and for 99.7&amp;nbsp;% of the economic disaster losses in Zimbabwe. Occurrences of droughts and floods decrease the population&amp;rsquo;s access to sufficient volumes of drinking water. In addition, provision of safe drinking water and access to improved sanitation facilities have been declining among the population in Zimbabwe in recent years, as a result of breakdown in public services. These factors have contributed to outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as cholera. Therefore, the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) will play a significant role in the disaster management in Zimbabwe. In the current article, the authors seek to analyse the legislation and the WASH vulnerability angle of the disaster management system in Zimbabwe. Results of the legislation analysis indicate that the disaster management system in Zimbabwe incorporates tools to deal with epidemics and WASH-related outcomes of disasters in general. The key parts of legislation include the Civil Protection Act no. 22 of 2001, the Emergency Powers Act no. 572/1979 and the Public Health Act no. 899 of 1978. Disaster management across the territory of Zimbabwe is overseen by the Directorate of Civil Protection at the national level. The coordination is also carried out by the National Civil Protection Committee. Data gathering could be facilitated by training of the NGO staff and volunteers, using the data-collection tool developed by the authors. The number of healthcare professionals who provide care to the Zimbabwean population is not the main reason for the WASH-related disaster risk. This type of disaster risk could be partially explained by the weak correlation between the socio-economic vulnerability of the Zimbabwean population and the risk from WASH-related health outcomes of disasters in the country. Further studies will have to be conducted to investigate these vulnerability results in more detail.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Spassov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vesselin Petkov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latvia: Capabilities, Organisations, Policies, and Legislation in crisis management and disaster response</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IT4Sec Reports</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">centralisation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civil protection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster preparedness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster response</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latvia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of Interior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">State Fire and Rescue Service</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute of Information and Communication Technologies</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Latvia is a Parliamentary republic where the President is the Head of State. The President is elected by the Parliament (Saeima). The Government, or the Cabinet of Ministers, is appointed by the President, approved by the Parliament and led by the Prime Minister. There is no regional government level as territorially Latvia is divided into 109 rural municipalities and 9 cities under state jurisdiction. These two main types of municipalities are led by municipal council.

The National Security Concept is a strategic document based on analysis of national threat stating principles for prevention of threats, priorities and measures, which must be taken into account when executing new political planning documents, legislative enactments and action plans in the area of national security. The priorities determined in the Concept provide the basis for the development of the National Security Plan by the Cabinet of Ministers.

As in the other Baltic Region States the organisational structure is centralised, i.e. coordinated and mostly organised by the central national civil protection authority, as is the case with Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Additionally, the use of private rescue services is low in the Baltic Countries. 

The Prime Minister has the responsibility for the continuous function of the operation of the crisis management system and for the implementation of the related tasks and obligations. The State Fire and Rescue Service, an organisation directly subordinated to the Ministry of Interior, plans, coordinates, leads and controls the civil protection operations. The State Fire and Rescue Service has significant responsibility for crisis management at national level.

At local level the municipal authorities are responsible for establishing and managing the Civil Protection Commission of the municipalities and cities. The Commission coordinates civil protection measures in crisis situations in their respective administrative territories.

The civil protection framework of Latvia foresees the involvement of military forces in support of civil authorities during peacetime emergencies. Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible for the cooperation with the European Union as it implements and coordinates the state external security policy. Cross-border and international collaboration is also organised through the Monitoring and Information Centre operated by the European Commission.

The systems for training in the field of civil protection are quite different in the Baltic region; however they share some basic features. Education in civil protection and rescue has a legal foundation in all of the Baltic Region countries. Basic and advanced education at the national level is standardised through the use of certificates, as well as the development of educational and training curricula. All of the Baltic region states have specialised schools and colleges which carry out education in civil protection and rescue area. 

Potential niche capability that could be filled by Latvia and represent interest to EU crisis management structures is the development of single crisis information systems. The Latvian civil security institutions are looking to improve cooperation in the field of crisis management as they are exploiting new ways for cooperation for the creation of a unified national information system.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Spassov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todor Tagarev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lithuania: Capabilities, Organisations, Policies, and Legislation in crisis management and disaster response</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IT4Sec Reports</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">centralised organisation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civil protection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crisis management structures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster preparedness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster response</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lithuania</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute of Information and Communication Technologies</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As in the other Baltic Region States the organisational structure is centralised, i.e. coordinated and mostly organised by the central national civil protection authority, as is the case with Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Additionally, the use of private rescue services is low in the Baltic Countries. 
 
The National Security Strategy establishes the basic goals and means of the national security policy. The aim of the Lithuanian National Security Strategy is to provide a vision of the state’s development, its national interests and the necessary actions for their implementation. 

The civil security system and the civil protection system of Lithuania is comprised by the Government, the state and municipal institutions, economic entities, public organisations, civil protection forces such as fire and rescue, police, state border guard, medical services, public security service, state food and agriculture service, other emergency services, forces of economic entities, volunteers, the emergency commissions and emergency operation centres. 

The management of civil protection in Lithuania is organised in three levels - national, regional (county) and local (municipal). At national level, the Government, the Government Emergency Commission, the Emergency Management Centre, the Ministry of National Defence, the Civil Protection Department, the State Fire Prevention and Rescue Service, Ministries, and other public authorities are the main stakeholders entitled to make strategic decisions on the implementation of civil protection measures.

At county level, administrations of county governors, county civil protection departments, and county emergency management centres are responsible for organising and ensuring preparedness for emergencies as well as for assisting when necessary in their relief. 

At municipal level, mayors of municipalities, civil protection departments, civil protection personnel, municipal emergency management centres, fire protection, search and rescue services, warning and information, evacuation, civil protection services and economic entities are responsible for organising preparedness for emergency situations and when required mitigate their effect.

International cooperation in Lithuania in the field of crisis management is coordinated by the Fire and Rescue Department, which is subordinated to the Ministry of Interior. Individual ministries and other state civil security institutions also participate in international civil protection activities.

Crisis management institutions part of the civil protection and rescue system, Training Centre, other educational institutions of civil protection as well as the forces of the civil protection and rescue system are financed by the state budget, while the economic entities are financed from their own resources. 

The systems for training in the field of civil protection are quite different in the Baltic region, however they share some basic features. Education in civil protection and rescue has a legal foundation in all of the Baltic Region countries. Basic and advanced education at the national level is standardised through the use of certificates, as well as the development of educational and training curricula. All of the Baltic region states have specialised schools and colleges which carry out education in civil protection and rescue area.  
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeri Ratchev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slovenia: Capabilities, Organisations, Policies, and Legislation in crisis management and disaster response</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IT4Sec Reports</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civil protection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster preparedness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster response</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">legislative base</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slovenia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Institute of Information and Communication Technologies</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">According to official reports, Slovenia is threatened by a variety of natural hazards, mostly earthquakes, floods, landslides, hail, storms, sleet, frost, and fire. The country has one nuclear power plant and a large industrial sector that operates dangerous substances – a potential source of ecological damages and catastrophic accidents.

The recent civil protection system has been constructed after 1992 by means of the adoption of a number of legislative acts and organisational reforms. The core characteristic of the civil protection system of Slovenia is that protection against natural and man-made disasters has been separated from the national defence system. This way, an integral and functionally unified system has been established based on common goals and principles. However, the main administrative and co-ordination structure for civil protection – Administration of the Republic of Slovenia for Civil Protection and Disaster Relief (ACPDR) is a constituent body of the Ministry of Defence.

Conceptually, the civil protection and rescue system is one of the three pillars of national security along with the defence system and the internal security system. However, “civil protection” in Slovenia is a relatively narrow concept which is common elsewhere in the EU. It includes very specific range of activities, commanding and co-ordinating bodies and specialised units for interventions and rescue in emergencies.

The system is built at three levels – national, regional and municipality. Functionally the focus is on regional capabilities and local authorities, supported by the state. Commercial entities, civil organisations and citizens have legally prescribed important functions for prevention, monitoring, alarming and responding to any extreme developments. Volunteering has a long lasting tradition in Slovenia.

Key civil protection stakeholders are the National Assembly, the Government, particular ministers, and the civil protection service that includes commanders, headquarters and heads of intervention and rescue units, and the local authorities. The administrative and specific expert tasks related to protection against natural and other disasters are carried out by the ACPDR, which is a multi-sectorial and coordinating body.

The units of the Slovenian Armed Forces and the Police are to carry out protection and rescue tasks related to their training and equipment. Their participation in protection and rescue operations is decided upon by the government and in emergency cases by the respective ministers at the request of the Commander of Civil Protection of the Republic of Slovenia.

Annually, Slovenia allocates approximately 0.5% of its national budget for civil protection while municipalities earmark 3% of their budgets. Protection against fire is partly financed from the fire fund, which is generated from a tax on fire insurance.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dana Procházková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The EU Civil Protection Upgrading Needs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civil protection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical infrastruc¬ture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">daily human needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protection in emergencies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">safety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">security</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88-108</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civil protection has two pillars. The first one supports the humans´ daily lives and the other ensures the protection of humans at emergency and critical situations. Both consist of systems aiming to provide human security, welfare and critical infrastructure protection. This paper describes the three types of civil protection systems existing in the EU Member States and summarizes the results of original research. The results demonstrate a need for individual public assets’ protection. The paper includes suggestions on domains for future research to fulfil identified requirements.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrey Ivanov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organization and Immediate Challenges of Civil Protection in Bulgaria</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civil protection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">planning for disaster protection.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prevention</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11-13</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article presents the highlights of the speech of Mr. Andrey Ivanov, Director of the Bulgarian National Service “Civil Protection,” to the Second Scien­tific Conference on Protection of Population and Critical Infrastructure organized by the Center for National Security and Defense Research of the Bulgarian Acad­emy of Sciences. The focus is on the National Programme for Disaster Protection of Bulgaria.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angel Chakarov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Welcoming Address</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civil protection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical Infrastructure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prevention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">welcoming address</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language></record></records></xml>