<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georgi Tsvetkov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defence Policy of Republic of Bulgaria: Critical Analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Security and Defence Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">armed forces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulgaria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence capabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">post-communist transition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Procon</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-619-7254-06-8</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;https://procon.bg/sites/default/files/front_cover_defence_capabilities.jpg&quot; style=&quot;width: 200px; height: 289px; margin: 5px; float: left;&quot; /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/node/21292&quot;&gt;Резюме на български&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The book is part of the &lt;a href=&quot;/node/5386&quot;&gt;Security and Defence Management series&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;It is based on the author&amp;rsquo;s PhD thesis, looking at the transformation of Bulgaria&amp;rsquo;s defence policy in the period 1990-2010. Amended with reflections on key developments in the past decade, the author offers evaluation of the ability to foresee defence requirements and plan accordingly. The general conclusion is that it is not the uncertainty of the security environment that surprises us. In fact, the environment has been predictable to a is sufficient degree.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Based on the John Boyd OODA loop, we can conclude that the &amp;ldquo;noise in the system,&amp;rdquo; created at the stages &amp;ldquo;Observe&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;Orient,&amp;rdquo; is the main reason or justification not to proceed properly to &amp;ldquo;Decide&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;Act.&amp;rdquo; And this is not so much due to the unpredictable and dynamic environment, as to the inability or unwillingness to take adequate decisions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The book contains theoretical, historical and prognostic parts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The theoretical part presents the modern understanding of defence policy and the relations between the state and the armed forces. Its goal is not only to review the theoretical foundations of defence policy making, but to reach valid and relevant definitions that can be applied in modern Bulgaria &amp;ndash; a country that has made several simultaneous &amp;ldquo;transitions&amp;rdquo; since 1990.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The historical part begins with an analysis of the Bulgarian People&amp;#39;s Army at the beginning of the transition, as the author believes that many of the challenges we face today are due to the specifics of state-military relations in the period before 1990. Another important contribution is the reliable reconstruction of the events characterizing the development of Bulgaria&amp;#39;s defence policy between 1990 and 2010, often burdened with emotional assessments and deliberate distortions of reality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The third part contains the prospects for development, formulated based on a comparative analysis with the armed forces of a number of European countries and reflecting different combinations of two main factors &amp;ndash; the resource framework and degree of change. One main conclusion is that the will to change is perhaps the decisive factor for the successful defence policy making. Unlike most countries in Central and Eastern Europe, there is no such will in Bulgaria, and again we come to the conclusion of more &amp;ldquo;lost years&amp;rdquo; for the country&amp;rsquo;s defence.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The book is currently available in Bulgarian only, in the following formats:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hardcover, ISBN 978-619-7254-07-5&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Online (pdf), ISBN 978-619-7254-06-8&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todor Tagarev</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeri Ratchev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolving Models of Using Armed Forces in Domestic Disaster Response and Relief</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">civ-mil coordination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crisis management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster response</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">military support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">niche capabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">surge capacity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-180</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Due to the high level of readiness and their comprehensive capabilities, armed forces are demanded or expected to contribute to the response to incident and disasters of natural, technogenic or manmade origin. Military units may provide surge capacity, unique capabilities, long-term support to relief and recovery or even be the first to respond to a disaster. This article reviews the European experience in the organisation for using armed forces in domestic disaster response and relief operations, models of military employment, examples of military formations specially tailored for disaster response, multinational disaster response and relief formations, and specific military capabilities used in domestic response and relief operations. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todor Tagarev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On Bulgaria’s Defence Policy 2015-2020</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSDM Views</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence budget</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Force Development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modernization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October 2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Centre for Security and Defence Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On September 30th, 2015 the Council of Ministers approved a “Programme for the development of the defence capabilities of the armed forces of Republic of Bulgaria till 2020.” This is the main document, defining Bulgaria’s defence policy. It will be discussed by the National Assembly, with the expectation to be adopted. This will however lead to a significant divergence from the obligations undertaken at the NATO Wales Summit, the “National Programme 2020” of the 2014 Caretaker Government, and the consensus reached at the Consultative Council on National Security (chaired by the President) in April 2015. Furthermore, this analysis shows that the Programme will not serve to determine and guide future decisions and actions in the defence sphere. The stagnation of the armed forces will continue, even against the recognition of increasing direct threats to the security of the country. Finally, the anticipated parliamentary approval of the Programme will make even fuzzier the responsibility for the status of the armed forces and their readiness to protect the sovereignty and the territorial integrity of Bulgaria.
The full text of  CSDM Views 32 is in Bulgarian.
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todor Tagarev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Key Prerequisites for Integrity in Defence - Role of Parliament</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSDM Views</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coordination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence budgeting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NATO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parliamentarian oversight</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transparency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April 2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Centre for Security and Defence Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a report to the session “Defence Management Reform and Integrity Building” of the 88th Rose-Roth seminar of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, Belgrade, 31 March - 2 April 2015, the author outlines three key prerequisites for integrity in defence: having a balanced, adequate, acceptable, and affordable defence policy; assessment of plans, budget proposals, and reports with a view on planned or actual results; and effective cooperation and coordination among key security stakeholders. The report further suggests roles of parliaments and parliamentarian committees on security and defence.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todor Tagarev</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valeri Ratchev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scenario and ambitions for managing a trans-border political-military crisis: Implications for Bulgaria’s Defence Policy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSDM Views</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ethnic conflict</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">planning scenarios</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transborder conflict</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></number><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">At the end of 2007 and early 2008, we conducted a study on the request of the Ministry of Defence of Republic of Bulgaria, aimed to support the review of the country&amp;rsquo;s defence policy and the long-term vision for its armed forces. The report was published in the Spring of 2008 without any substantive editorial intervention. In view of the current crisis in neighbouring Macedonia, we decided to inform our readers on the relevant portions of that work, as it was published more than seven years ago. Depending on the evolution of the security situation close to the Bulgarian borders, we stand ready to review prospective scenarios and recommend feasible courses of action.
The full text of the report is in Bulgarian.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todor Tagarev</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assya Davidova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anton Lazarov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guidance on Developing Bulgaria’s Defence Policy (in Bulgarian)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSDM Views</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Common Security and Defence Policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence capabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NATO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resource framework</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Centre for Security and Defence Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Minister and deputy ministers of defence in Bulgaria’s caretaker Government, 13 March – 28 May 2013 outline the key required short- and mid-term activities in the area of defence. This document was presented at the attention of the Cabinet and the succeeding team of minister Angel Naydenov, and was published on the MOD website on May 28, 2013.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todor Tagarev</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assya Davidova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anton Lazarov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rossen Ivanov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Report for the activity of the Ministry of Defence in the period of Bulgaria’s Caretaker Government, 13 March – 28 May 2013 (in Bulgarian)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSDM Views</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accountability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Common Security and Defence Policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence capabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NATO</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">operations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transparency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December 2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></number><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Centre for Security and Defence Management</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia</style></pub-location><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The minister, deputy ministers and Chief of Cabinet of the MOD in Bulgaria’s Caretaker Government, 13 March – 28 May 2013, account for the results and implementation of the main priorities and tasks, including the provision of stability of the defence sector and military operations, open dialogue with the organizations active on defence policy issues, and enhanced cooperation and interaction with our Allies and national security sector organizations. This document was presented publicly and published on the MOD website on May 28, 2013.
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georgi Tsvetkov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maritime Defence Investment Policy of the Republic of Bulgaria</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Black Sea security</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">maritime sovereignty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">naval capabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">offset</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rearmament</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regional security</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">163-173</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taking into consideration Bulgaria’s interests and intentions stipulated in the National Security Strategy, the Black Sea is seen as a main sphere of the country’s foreign, security and defence policies. So far, official documents do not seem to place a priority on modernising the Bulgarian Navy. The author, however, reasons that by 2020 Bulgaria should have small, but technologically advanced Navy, capable of defending the interests of Bulgaria and its Western allies in the Black Sea region. After examining available options and approximate costs, the paper suggests that the country embarks on a modernisation programme packaging the procurement of main platforms, thus getting negotiation leverage and seeking offsets through direct industrial investments. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todor Tagarev</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gueorgui Stankov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lozan Bizov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interactive Simulations in Support of Decision Making on Defence Resource Allocation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">budgeting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence capa­bilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence institution building.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">force structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term defence planning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Programming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uncertainty</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129-140</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> This article describes the approach and the experience of the Defence and Force Management Department at the “G.S. Rakovski” Defence and Staff Col­lege in conducting interactive simulations that support decision making on force structure, force development programs, and the respective allocation of resources. The primary purpose of the simulation is to educate students, mostly senior military and civilian MOD personnel, in the intricacies of defence planning in a changing environment, and to provide ‘hands on’ experience in defence programming and budgeting. In addition, it allows exploring the space of potential policy alternatives, force structuring and programming decisions, thus serving as a powerful decision support </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Georgi Pavlov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veselina Aleksandrova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-Tender - An Approach for Ensuring Transparency  in Defence Budget Management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-Government</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electronic tender</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information technology impact</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internet online application</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public procurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transparency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148-162</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The authors present a software product development in support of conducting of electronic tenders (“e-Tender”). The product may be implemented in accordance with the purposes of the Law on Public Tenders - the law that establishes terms and procedures for public procurement. E-Tender will facilitate transparency of defence policy concerning planning and budgeting processes - one of the main objectives of Partnership for Peace programme. This article considers the e-tender not only as an Internet on-line application for improving transparency of defence management but also as a decision support tool.
The following objectives are achieved through successful realization of a public web site for electronic submission of documents: increased public access and transparency of tenders; confidentiality of any company information provided; and confidentiality of proposals made by the prospective contractors. Each participant, through specialized programmes called agents, is able to ask for the opinion of “independent” experts (for example, experts from foreign centres for analyses and prognoses) and to add to the database of potential project contractors. Another advantage is that the possibility to create a database for those companies that have successfully executed contracts, as well for companies that have had significant problems in meeting the customers’ expectations. The software realization of such tenders would also provide excellent opportunities for accelerating the execution of urgent requests, for example, procurement of perishable products. In addition, an interested observer would be able to check what were the criteria and the method of analysis chosen by a contractor. As a whole, the transparency of public procurement relates closely to the widely discussed issues of e-Government.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilufer Narli</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Initiatives for Transparency-Building in Turkey:  International, Regional and Domestic Factors</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accountability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">armed forces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civil-military relations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence planning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Force planning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">procurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turkish military</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-54</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taking Turkey as a case study, this article addresses a specific question: What are the factors that support citizens' initiatives for transparency of defence resources planning and budgeting? It assumes that transparency-building is usefully analysed at three levels – the national or “domestic,” the regional and the international – and, therefore, differentiates relevant influencing factors at these levels. Hypothesised to be significant at the international level are shifts in the balance of power (e.g., the demise of the Soviet Union, ending of the Cold War), international treaties concerning armament (e.g., the Conventional Forces in Europe /CFE/ accord) and international documents on various security matters (e.g., the Vienna Document 1999), new global threats (e.g., terrorism, especially following the attacks in the US on 11 September 2001) and wars, real or likely (e.g., the recent fighting in Iraq). At the domestic level, the article considers several economic, political and socio-political factors as variables affecting citizens' demands for transparency of defence resources planning and budgeting. The following factors shape the transparency-building attitude: fiscal crises and poverty; perceived and real threats to national security; the activities of separatist or extremist movements; how the country’s political culture defines the position of the military vis-à-vis society and the political elite, plus the nature of civil-military relations; and the impact of reforms that change legal and political frameworks..</style></abstract></record></records></xml>