<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert K. Murphy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">G. Richard Cathers</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transparency in Force Modernization Decisions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acquisition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">capabilities-based assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">capability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">force modernization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">requirements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strategy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transparency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-223</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transparency, as defined for this paper, is the continual process of 
openness, accountability, and governance, plays a vital role in force modernization 
decisions. It is essential in capabilities-based planning (CBP), and because of rising 
acquisition costs, transformation has become the overall vision for military strategy. 
Transformation is implemented by capabilities-based planning resulting in force 
modernization decisions. Without a well defined, repeatable, and transparent 
evaluation process, national vulnerabilities and required capabilities might be incorrectly identified, resulting in wrong solutions. Force modernization decisions based 
upon transparency can provide the basis for a highly effective, low cost solution. 
The solution does not have to be a technical solution, but can be a change in Doctrine; Organization; Training; Leadership development; Materiel; Personnel; or Facilities (DOTLMPF). By including transparency for identifying requirements, we 
can ensure that the requirement answers the how, what, why, when, and who so that 
a credible decision can be made. Force modernization decisions using capabilities 
based planning and value tools that help structure and evaluate requirements have 
been used very effectively. A simple, top-down approach of Strategy to Need is 
used to initiate the evaluation. Force modernization decisions should be made using 
processes, methodologies, and supporting tools which allow for fully transparent 
assessments for the decision-maker. In other words, assessments should be traceable and accountable. Processes should be clear, methodologies should be simple, 
and the tools should be easy to use and understand. Several countries have successfully used this process for evaluating alternatives against a set of requirements. 
These assessments have included upgrading fleets, restructuring organizations, and 
acquiring new equipment.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Velizar Shalamanov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C4ISR in Modernizing Security Sector in Bulgaria  and South-Eastern Europe</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C4ISR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defense reform</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">force modernization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organizational change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">security sector reform</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-22</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In an environment of technological revolution, C4ISR (command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance) systems are given priority in force modernization. On the other side, the modernization of C4ISR, especially when implemented in interagency and international cooperation, may be an important facilitator for the overall defense and security sector reform. The focus of this article is on definition of the priority programs, model of life cycle support of C4ISR systems and its organizational dimension. We propose one possible strategy for C4ISR development in Bulgaria and South-East Europe. Organizational issues and initiatives, such as the establishment of C4 Regional Coordination Group are also debated.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todor Tagarev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prerequisites and Approaches to Force Modernization in a Transition Period</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defense acquisition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defense capabilities initiative</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defense R&amp;D.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">force modernization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Force planning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NATO enlargement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">partnership goals</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-52</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The new security challenges, in particular the challenges stemming from the wave of terrorist attacks and massive use of biological threats in September 2001, require novel ways of organizing and modernizing military forces. In the beginning of the Twenty First century militaries have to perform a broader spectrum of missions and tasks in cooperation with other agencies and other countries. For a country in transition, the search for effective modernization is complicated by resource constraints, lack of experience in market environment and relevant organizational culture. 
This article describes the application of common principles in modernizing Bulgarian military. It describes defense reform requirements with emphasis on the necessity to introduce rigorous defense resource management. The major challenge is to implement organizational and procedural changes, essential for the creation of a transparent, flexible acquisition process, compatible with acquisition systems and practices of NATO and EU member countries. The article provides details on the main elements of the new acquisition planning, listing current priorities and presenting an ongoing force modernization study. It covers also the role of research and development in modernization, as well as potential national and international cooperation activities.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>