<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romeo Drobarov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biljana Popovska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Development of the EU Policy of Police Cooperation with Third Countries: The Case  of the Republic of North Macedonia</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Counterterrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Union</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Europol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organized crime</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">police cooperation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">third countries</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">201-212</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Organized crime and terrorism threats to EU citizens require effective police cooperation. This article provides an overview of efforts for establishing a solid fundament for cooperation among agencies of the EU Member States and with third countries emphasising the role of Europol. Applied case study as a research method pinpoints developing police cooperation among Europol, EU Member States, and third countries. The focus is on the activities of the Europol unit at the Ministry of Interior in Skopje. The authors critically review the implementation of cooperation strategies, agreements, and plans in the specific legislative and policy framework of the Republic of North Macedonia. The findings will be of interest to anyone interested in the challenges of incorporating EU policy in police institutions of third countries.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">201</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olayinka Ajala</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interorganizational Cooperation and the Fight against Terrorism in West Africa and the Sahel</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">balance of threat theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boko Haram</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chad</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Counterterrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MNJTF</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nigeria</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-114</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left:19.85pt;&quot;&gt;The transnational nature of security threats in the 21st Century are such that interorganizational cooperation is necessary to effectively combat these threats. This article explores a key organization, the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), charged with curtailing the threat posed by terrorism in certain parts of the Sahel and West Africa. Using the theoretical framework of Walt&amp;rsquo;s balance of threat and a combination of data obtained from ACLED and expert interviews, the article argues that the MNJTF has not been successful in achieving its mandate. This could be attributed to five lapses in the restructuring of the organization in 2015 to combat terrorism. The article concludes that for interorganizational security cooperation to be successful, the allies must equally acknowledge that they face the same existential threats which will make them commit to the demands of the organisation.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walter Matta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alessandro Cantelli-Forti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An innovative Airport Physical-cyber Security System (APSS)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">airport security</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Counterterrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cyber-physical systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cybersecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data Fusion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">285-293</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Considering the number of airports in the world, the 100 of millions of people who work at or pass through them and the relatively small amount of vulnerabilities, which have come to fruition to date, it must be concluded that airports already have a largely adequate level of security and resilience. Recent attacks in Brussels and Paris have, however, indicated that there is still room for improvement. In addition, one should be aware of the increased number of terrorist attacks also exploiting the increased availability of advanced low-cost technology, such as jammers. Thus, we propose to operate the logical division of the airport into physical-cyber security-control, where a multi sensor data fusion is made on two levels: (i) data fusion within each segment, in order to generate the alarms, and (ii) correlation of the &amp;ldquo;segment alarms&amp;rdquo; in order to reduce the false (positive and negative) detection rate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the proposed solution, data resulting from the two fusion processes are viewed and made available by a Web Portal accessible by security officers and police, increasing the physical-cyber situational awareness and decision making. This approach dramatically increases the confidence level of threat detection, minimizes the false (positive and negative) rate, due to both initial correlation of alarms within the same segment and the final correlation of the alarm coming from different segments. This allows to proactively take countermeasures against such threats.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">285</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sean Costigan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greg Gleason</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What If Blockchain Cannot Be Blocked? Cryptocurrency and International Security</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blockchain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Counterterrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cryptocurrency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cybersecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">international security</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13-20</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pariah states and criminal gangs are often early adopters of disruptive technologies. With blockchain, the possibilities for circumventing controls and systems--or creating new ways of business--are rich grounds for such early adopters. What has gone widely ignored in the buzz around cryptocurrencies is the role that states play and their changing perspectives on the matter. This article analyzes the geo-strategic implications of a suite of technologies that has the possibility of altering core economic tenets about money and, along the way, attracting the attention of those who would skirt the law.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James Howcroft</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Future of Terrorism: The Practitioners’ View</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connections: The Quarterly Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Counterterrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">War or Terrorism</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring 2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-81</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;In this essay, the author&amp;mdash;an experienced intelligence officer and currently lead for the counter-terrorism program at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies&amp;mdash;reviews the future developments of international terrorism in three main areas: motivations; tactics, weapons and technology, and targets.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sebastian von Münchow</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lena Hantschke</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parliamentary Attempts to Investigate Berlin’s Vehicular Ramming Attack</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Connections: The Quarterly Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Counterterrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Germany migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intelligence cooperation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">law enforcement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parliamentary oversight</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terrorism</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spring 2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-39</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On December 19th, 2016 Germany saw the first major Islamist terror attack on its soil. A Tunisian asylum seeker crashed a hijacked truck into one of the main Berlin’s Christmas markets. The assault resulted in 12 casualties. In the aftermath, several attempts were made by German parliaments on Länder-level, as well as on federal level, to investigate how the terrorist was able to use 14 different identities, how he carried out the plot, how he escaped and where security authorities failed to prevent the attack.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todor Tagarev</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nickolay Pavlov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Planning Measures and Capabilities for Protection of Critical Infrastructures</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">capabilities-based planning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CIP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comprehensive Approach.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Counterterrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical Infrastructure Protection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Security Sector Transformation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-48</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The paper presents a framework methodology and process for planning and developing capabilities and measures for protection of critical infrastructure and presents major methodological and organizational challenges of effective and efficient protection. The authors emphasize the need for comprehensive approach, based on much better communication and greater coordination among governmental organizations, security services, owners and operators of critical infrastructure.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krassimir Kuzmanov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Does NATO Have a Role in the Fight Against International Terrorism Analysis of NATO's Response to September 11</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Active Endeavour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Counterterrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DAT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defence against terrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NATO response force.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-84</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article analyzes NATO’s decisions and actions taken in response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks against the United States and assesses the probable future role of the Alliance in combating international terrorism. In September-October 2001, the United States chose to lead a coalition against the Al Qaeda terrorists and their supporters in Afghanistan instead of ceding the initiative to NATO. The necessity for rapid decisions and actions, the military capabilities gap between the United States and the European allies, and the lessons from NATO’s air campaign in the 1999 Kosovo crisis, probably led the United States to make this choice. NATO’s contributions to the campaign against terrorism have included sending Airborne Warning and Control Systems aircraft to the United States, deploying naval forces to the Eastern Mediterranean, and conducting preventive action against terrorist groups acting within or from the Balkans. Other measures taken by the Alliance include: adoption of a new Military Concept for Defence against Terrorism and a Partnership Action Plan on Terrorism, strengthening the nuclear, biological and chemical defence and civil protection, better cooperation with other international organizations, etc. NATO’s responses to the 11 September attacks, the unconventional and asymmetric threat posed by international terrorism, and the distinct contributions that the military can make in combating terrorism support the main hypothesis of this article: that NATO may be unable to play more than specific limited roles in the fight against international terrorism.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plamen Torlakov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Special Operations Forces in the Fight Against Terrorism on National Territory</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information &amp; Security: An International Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulgarian Armed Forces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Counterterrorism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hostage Rescue Operations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land Forces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ministry of the Interior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Special Antiterrorist Unit</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Special Operations Forces</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85-101</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article presents basic definitions related to terrorism and examines the essence and main features of this phenomenon, as well as possible targets of terrorist actions. Based on official documents, the author presents the roles and the tasks of the Bulgarian Armed Forces in the fight against terrorism. In the focus of his examination is the employment of Special Operations Forces in the fight against terrorist units on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria and the support, provided by all national organizations with counterterrorist missions to tactical groups.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>